Journal: BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Article Title: The relevance of sputum galectin-7 levels to clinical and prognostic factors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective cohort study from China

doi: 10.1186/s12890-026-04171-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) of sputum galectin-7 levels among different groups (Healthy, GOLD I, GOLD II, GOLD III–IV), adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, smoking intensity and BMI

Article Snippet: Fig. 5 Sputum galectin-7 and future acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between AECOPD and non-AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history) Fig. 6 Sputum galectin-7 and future frequent acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between frequent AECOPD and non-frequent AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future frequent acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history) To compare the predictive performance of sputum galectin-7 and a history of prior acute exacerbations for identifying patients at risk of future acute exacerbations, we constructed ROC models.

Techniques:

Journal: BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Article Title: The relevance of sputum galectin-7 levels to clinical and prognostic factors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective cohort study from China

doi: 10.1186/s12890-026-04171-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: ROC curves of sputum galectin-7 for discriminating healthy controls from all COPD patients, healthy controls from GOLD I–II, healthy controls from GOLD III–IV, and GOLD I–II from GOLD III–IV

Article Snippet: Fig. 5 Sputum galectin-7 and future acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between AECOPD and non-AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history) Fig. 6 Sputum galectin-7 and future frequent acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between frequent AECOPD and non-frequent AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future frequent acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history) To compare the predictive performance of sputum galectin-7 and a history of prior acute exacerbations for identifying patients at risk of future acute exacerbations, we constructed ROC models.

Techniques:

Journal: BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Article Title: The relevance of sputum galectin-7 levels to clinical and prognostic factors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective cohort study from China

doi: 10.1186/s12890-026-04171-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Spearman correlation heatmap of galectin-7 and clinical indicators . Red indicates positive correlations, and green indicates negative correlations, with color intensity reflecting correlation strength. Statistical significance is denoted as * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001. Only correlations with P < 0.05 are labeled

Article Snippet: Fig. 5 Sputum galectin-7 and future acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between AECOPD and non-AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history) Fig. 6 Sputum galectin-7 and future frequent acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between frequent AECOPD and non-frequent AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future frequent acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history) To compare the predictive performance of sputum galectin-7 and a history of prior acute exacerbations for identifying patients at risk of future acute exacerbations, we constructed ROC models.

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Article Title: The relevance of sputum galectin-7 levels to clinical and prognostic factors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective cohort study from China

doi: 10.1186/s12890-026-04171-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bidirectional comparison between emphysema and sputum galectin-7: ( a ) Emphysema Index in high, moderate, and low sputum galectin-7 groups; ( b ) Sputum galectin-7 levels (pg/mL) in participants with and without emphysema

Article Snippet: Fig. 5 Sputum galectin-7 and future acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between AECOPD and non-AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history) Fig. 6 Sputum galectin-7 and future frequent acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between frequent AECOPD and non-frequent AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future frequent acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history) To compare the predictive performance of sputum galectin-7 and a history of prior acute exacerbations for identifying patients at risk of future acute exacerbations, we constructed ROC models.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Article Title: The relevance of sputum galectin-7 levels to clinical and prognostic factors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective cohort study from China

doi: 10.1186/s12890-026-04171-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sputum galectin-7 and future acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between AECOPD and non-AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history)

Article Snippet: Fig. 5 Sputum galectin-7 and future acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between AECOPD and non-AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history) Fig. 6 Sputum galectin-7 and future frequent acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between frequent AECOPD and non-frequent AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future frequent acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history) To compare the predictive performance of sputum galectin-7 and a history of prior acute exacerbations for identifying patients at risk of future acute exacerbations, we constructed ROC models.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Article Title: The relevance of sputum galectin-7 levels to clinical and prognostic factors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective cohort study from China

doi: 10.1186/s12890-026-04171-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sputum galectin-7 and future frequent acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between frequent AECOPD and non-frequent AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future frequent acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history)

Article Snippet: Fig. 5 Sputum galectin-7 and future acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between AECOPD and non-AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history) Fig. 6 Sputum galectin-7 and future frequent acute exacerbations in COPD: ( a ) comparison of baseline sputum galectin-7 levels between frequent AECOPD and non-frequent AECOPD groups; ( b ) prediction of future frequent acute exacerbations using age, sex, smoking status, BMI, lung function, and other confounders, exacerbation history, and sputum galectin-7, with performance comparison between Multivariable Model 1 (confounders + galectin-7) and Multivariable Model 2 (confounders + exacerbation history) To compare the predictive performance of sputum galectin-7 and a history of prior acute exacerbations for identifying patients at risk of future acute exacerbations, we constructed ROC models.

Techniques: Comparison

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Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectin-7 downregulation impairs collective cell migration of HaCaT keratinocytes and reduce collective behaviour. ( a ) Percentage of wound closure normalized to HaCaT WT cells in a inserts removals wound healing experiment. Mean ± s.e.m. are represented (n = 5). ( b ) Single cell tracking of collectively migrating HaCaT cells at the front of the free edge during 24 h after insert removal. ( c ) Mean individual cell speed was extracted from cell trajectories. Mean ± s.e.m. are represented. ( d ) Effect of galectin-7 downregulation on directional movement of HaCaT cells at 18 h. Mean ± s.e.m. are represented. ( e ) Measurement of the persistence parameter extracted from trajectory curves at 18 h. Mean ± s.e.m. are represented. P-value = 0.069. ( f ) Correlation length measured in collectively migrating HaCaT or shGal7 #2 clone. Mean ± s.e.m. are represented. ( g ) Mean separation time between two neighbouring cells analysed manually from movies of migrating cells during 24 h. The proportion of cells that did not separate during this interval is written under the graph. Mean ± s.e.m. are represented. ( h ) Centrosome orientation in collectively migrating HaCaT cells. The proportion of front cells with centrosome located in the 90° angle facing the wound has been quantified. ( i ) Golgi apparatus orientation in collectively migrating HaCaT cells. The proportion of front cells with the majority of the Golgi apparatus located in the 120° angle facing the wound has been quantified. ( h , i ) For each graph, 4 independent experiments, with a total of at least 100 cells per experiment have been analyzed. Results shown are mean values ± s.d. P-values obtained from unpaired t-tests with Welch’s correction are represented. ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-galectin-7 antibodies (ab10482, Abcam) and mouse monoclonal anti-β-catenin antibody (MA1-301, Thermo Scientific).

Techniques: Migration, Single Cell Tracking

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Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectin-7 interacts and colocalizes with adherens junction components. ( a ) Co-immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that galectin-7 is a partner of E-cadherin, α-catenin and β-catenin. Images shown are representative images taken from distinct western blots. ( b ) Confocal images of Proximity Ligation Assays confirming that galectin-7 is in close proximity with distinct AJ components in the cell context. E-cadherin – α-catenin and galectin-7 – S100A11 pairs were used as respectively positive and negative controls. Gal7 = Galectin-7. Scale bars = 15 μm. ( c ) Representative immunostaining of galectin-7 (green) and β-catenin (magenta) in WT mice tail epidermis showing co-localisation of these two proteins. Scale bar = 20 μm. Intensity values measured along the white line were plotted in function of the distance from the base of the epidermis. Pearson’s r coefficient for galectin-7 / β-catenin staining = 0.63 ± 0.03, n = 6.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-galectin-7 antibodies (ab10482, Abcam) and mouse monoclonal anti-β-catenin antibody (MA1-301, Thermo Scientific).

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot, Ligation, Immunostaining, Staining

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Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectin-7 directly interacts with the extracellular domain of E-cadherin independently of glycosylation motifs. ( a ) In vitro binding assays were performed using recombinant wild type human galectin-7 (rGal7); CRD mutated human galectin-7 (R74S) and extracellular domain of mouse E-cadherin fused to human IgG1 Fc fragment (E-cad-Fc). Both WT and mutated galectin-7 (rGal7 and R74S) were precipitated with E-cad-Fc. ( b ) Immunoblot showing co-immunoprecipitations of galectin-7 performed on cell lysates in the presence of high sugar concentrations. ( c ) As in absence of competitive carbohydrate or in the presence of 15 mM sucrose, addition of 15 mM LacNAc did not prevent galectin-7 to immunoprecipitate E-cadherin. ( d ) Immunoprecipitations of galectin-7 were done after deglycosylation of protein extracts in non-denaturing conditions. Representative western blot data are shown in this figure.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-galectin-7 antibodies (ab10482, Abcam) and mouse monoclonal anti-β-catenin antibody (MA1-301, Thermo Scientific).

Techniques: In Vitro, Binding Assay, Recombinant, Western Blot

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Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectin-7 impacts E-cadherin dynamics at the plasma membrane. ( a ) Total cell surface proteins were purified using labelling with biotin and pull down via avidin affinity. Immunoblots show similar levels of surface E-cadherin in HacaT cells or in shGal7 clones. Transferrin receptor was used as a loading control. ( b ) Quantification of internalized E-cadherin in HaCaT or shGal7 #2 cells at 15, 30, 60 or 120 min after addition of HECD-1 antibody. ( c ) Representative images of internalized E-cadherin after 5 min incubation with HECD-1 antibody, directed against E-cadherin ectodomain. Maximum intensity projection of Z-stacks (Z-steps = 0.21 μm) obtained with ImageJ. Scale bar = 10μm (left panels) or 5μm (zoom, right panels). ( d , e ) Quantification of internalized E-cadherin during 30 min at 37 °C after addition of 0 to 1 μg.ml −1 recombinant galectin-7 (rGal7) in shGal7 #2 clone ( d ) or control HaCaT ( e ). ( f ) Quantification of internalized E-cadherin in HaCaT or shGal7 #2 cells during 30 min at 37 °C after addition of 0 or 0.5 μg.ml −1 recombinant CRD-mutated galectin-7 (R74S). ( b , d , e , f ) Between 15 and 17 measures per condition were performed in n = 3 independent experiments. Mean values ± s.e.m. are represented. P-values obtained from unpaired t-tests with Welch’s correction are represented. ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-galectin-7 antibodies (ab10482, Abcam) and mouse monoclonal anti-β-catenin antibody (MA1-301, Thermo Scientific).

Techniques: Purification, Avidin-Biotin Assay, Western Blot, Clone Assay, Incubation, Recombinant

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Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectin-7 stabilizes E-cadherin at the plasma membrane in mature adherens junctions. ( a ) Mean surface fluorescence of E-cadherin measured by FACS in non-permeabilized cells. Cells were detached from the plate using trypsin and incubated for the indicated time period at 37 °C to let E-cadherin be re-addressed to the plasma membrane. Mean values ± s.d. are represented (n = 3). ( b ) Representative images of E-cadherin-GFP signal acquired during FRAP experiments in HaCaT cells (upper panel) and in shGal7 #2 clone (lower panel). Arrows indicate the bleach area. Scale bar = 10 μm. ( c ) Normalized fitted FRAP curves (dark) and mean of experimental data (red and blue) showing E-cadherin-GFP recovery after photobleaching. Mean values ± s.e.m are represented (n ≥ 39). ( d , e ) Graphs showing halftime recovery (t 1/2 ) ( d ) and mobile fraction ( e ) extracted from one phase association fitting curves. Mean values ± s.e.m are represented.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-galectin-7 antibodies (ab10482, Abcam) and mouse monoclonal anti-β-catenin antibody (MA1-301, Thermo Scientific).

Techniques: Fluorescence, Incubation

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Figure Lengend Snippet: Association of galectin-7 with E-cadherin at the plasma membrane influences E-cadherin mediated adhesion strength. ( a ) Immunofluorescence images showing accumulation of rGal7-Cy3 (magenta) at the plasma membrane with E-cadherin (green) 30 min or 2 h after addition of 0.5 mg.ml −1 rGal7. Scale bar = 20 μm. ( b ) rGal-Cy3 enrichment at the plasma membrane was removed by 200 mM lactose washes. Scale bar = 20 μm. ( c ) Washing with lactose gave similar PLA staining than no washing for E-cadherin-Galectin-7 proteins. S100A1 – Galectin-7 staining served as a negative control. Scale bar = 15 μm. ( d ) rGal7-Cy3 (magenta) did not show important colocalisation with endocytosed E-cadherin (green). HECD-1 antibody was incubated 30 min à 37 °C to label endocytosed E-cadherin. Scale bar = 20 μm. ( e ) Schematic representation of the experimental design illustrating E-cadherin coated bead bound to HaCaT cells. Rapprochement of the magnetic tweezers will cause bead detachment. ( f ) Measurements of the distance required to detached E-cadherin coated beads from cells. Mean values ± s.e.m are represented.

Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-galectin-7 antibodies (ab10482, Abcam) and mouse monoclonal anti-β-catenin antibody (MA1-301, Thermo Scientific).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Negative Control, Incubation